मी मराठी?

कांदा आणि भाकरी खातो आम्ही,
उसाला भाव मिळावा म्हणून रडतो आम्ही,
दिवसातून सोंला तास अंधारात असतो आम्ही ,
पाण्यासाठी वन वन वन फिरतो आंम्ही,
होय मी मराठी, मी मराठी?

खडया तुन रस्ते शोधतो आम्ही,
दिवसा रस्त्यावर लाइट पाहतो आम्ही,
रस्त्या च्या दिव्या मधे अभ्यास करतो आम्ही,
जाहिरात फलका वर फोकस बघतो आम्ही ,
होय मी मराठी, मी मराठी?

साखरे च्या उत्पादनात अग्रेसर आम्ही,
आणि साखरेलाच ५० रु मोजतो आम्ही ,
समोरचा माणूस मेला तरी चालेल,
पण त्याला मराठीच बोलावे लागेल,
अहो मीच तो मराठी,मी मराठी ?

मराठी उमेद्वाराला निवडून देतो आम्ही ,
आणि त्यांच्याच कुस्त्या सभेत बघतो आम्ही ,
पुतल्यासाठी सिक्यूरिटी गार्ड्स ठेवतो आम्ही ,
दुश्कालात आत्महत्या करतो आम्ही
होय मी मराठी! मीच तो मराठी?


 "काश्मीर" या नावा वरुण जर एकत्र येतो "आम्ही "
तर फ़क्त "मराठी" वरुनच देशापासून का वेगले होतो आम्ही?
बुदधीबलाच्या पटावरील प्यादी तर नाहित ना आम्ही?
हे एकदा स्वतः च्या मनाला विचारा ना तुम्ही !

अहो, "साहेब"
"आबा,दादा जरा आमचा कड़ेपण एकदा बघा न तुम्ही!
आमचे "पालक"आहात राव "तुम्ही"!

----------ब्लू बर्ड-७ ---------

The distilling process

The distilling process
The distilling process begins with noble raw materials, grains, which are initially ground in order to make a mash, and it is at this point that the starch is converted into sugar. The fermentation process then follows. Finally, the fermented mash is distilled twice and depending on the grains used, either the powerful malt wine (the base for all grain genevas) or the grain alcohol is obtained. Today St-Pol , beljium is the only distillery in the low lands that still distils grain alcohol, besides malt wine.
The well-balanced and subtle composition of these two components is responsible for the ultimate smooth and fine texture of our 100 % grain-genevas.
The distillery is equipped with a mill, two distillation columns, a rectification column and a still pot.

The Grinding
The mill is located on two floors above one another. The grains, delivered in bags, are lifted through a trapdoor to the upper floor and emptied into a rotating brushing machine in order to separate the grains from the chaff. The grains are then pulverised by the hammer mill and the resulting flour is blown into 3 hoppers with a capacity of 1.200 KGs each.
Ingredients for the malt wine are rye, malt (barley) and maize, for the grain alcohol, wheat and malt.

(to see the wide image please click on it and see on seperate page)
The saccharification of the starch

The flour is mixed with water in the mash tun - capacity 2.900 L. The mash is brought to boiling point by direct addition of steam, after which the mash is cooled down to approximately 69° C. Through the addition of malt - germinated barley - the saccharification process is induced and will continue for about 1 hour at a temperature of 61° C. The mash is then cooled down to 30° C and pumped into fermentation tanks.

The fermentation process

The fermentation room contains 4 tanks with a capacity each of 10.000 L. The cooled mash, after being pumped into the tanks, is mixed with water to reduce the sugar concentration. Without the dilution of the mash with water, the yeast would perish due to a high alcohol concentration, hence resulting in an incomplete conversion of the sugar into alcohol.
Baker’s yeast added to this mixture, results not only in the transformation of sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide, but also in the production of other aromatic components. Fermentation lasts about 72 hours.

The distillation process

The fermented mash is pumped into a condenser where it is pre-heated before reaching the top of the distillation columns. Each of our two copper distillation columns are about 6 meters high and contain as much as 15 plateaus which provide for an equal distribution of the mash and the steam injected below.

The heating of the fermented mash causes the alcohol to evaporate (boiling point 79°C). The rising steam, used to pre-heat the mash, takes with it the volatile components, which are cooled down in the first condenser. The second cool water condenser cools to room temperature.
The residue or draff flows from the bottom of the columns into tanks. These residues are a natural and nutritious waste product that will be used as fodder for cattle.
The phlegm (first distillation) contains about 57 % vol of alcohol and flows into a measurement tank located in a sealed area. Only excise clerks are allowed to unseal this area, which they do in order to determine the exact quantity of alcohol produced. The phlegm is then pumped into storage tanks, awaiting further processing.
A second distillation process results in the conversion of the phlegm into malt wine trough a discontinuous process in a still pot, or grain alcohol through a continuous process in a rectification column. The production process for these two products is the same up until the measurement tank located in the sealed area. Only the grain recipes are different.

VEDIC SCIENCE & MODERN SCIENCE

Lord Shiva is known as Mahadev due to the instinct characteristics which he represents. The form in which Lord shiva is represented is called a Ling. Infact, Lord Shiva is the fundamental god. He is known as prajapati Shiva. There is no origin or form which can be associated with Shiva. Man needs a symbol to worship so the ling was created “Ling means symbol”. For example Vishnu’s Ling is a chakra or if someone was wearing a stethoscope you would say he was a doctor. A ling is only a symbol to identify something. This symbol that we call a Shivling has behind it a scientific explanation. This explanation of the Shivling can now be understood as our scientific progresses. as we look at recent scientific discoveries now, we are realizing that these discoveries have been with us all along in the symbolic form of the Shivling. According to our scriptures, one earth year is equal to our scriptures; one earth year is equal to one day of gods. Twelve years of gods is one “kalp”.Kalps equal one “yug”. Four yugs make one “chaturyug”. Many of these chaturyugs constitute one day and night of Braham make 34560 million earth years.

This counting was determined and logged in our scriptures by the rishis. It is said that the big bang occurs after exactly that much time, They also said a large fireball exploded and god appeared in a form of light. Modern science’s big bang theory also states this. The theory says that even a second would have made a difference. The creation of nature would have not be possible if the big bang happened one second earlier or later. According to our scriptures this scenario repeats exactly every 34560 million years. The light form which appears as a result of the explosion is named Lord Shiva in the scriptures. It is described in Chapter 201 of the Mahabarat, in which Maharishi Vyaas tells the history of the Universe. He tells of Narayan Muni who worshipped hard to please Shiva.

He saw Lord Shiva and tells that he is immense and formless. It is difficult to describes what he saw because it was seen through the eyes of knowledge. He describes it as one who creates, takes care of and destroys. It creates itself and controls its power at the same time. It is undefeable, has long white hair, and its form is very horrific. It has a necklace of snakes and the moon on its forehead. Hiranygarbha originated after Prajapati Shiva, who is mentioned several times in Vedas. This Hiranyagarbha is called Putagraj, which means “the beginning”.

The beginning of life is called Hiranyagarbha. This is the thread or formula of life which is complete in itself and reproduces itself without any organ. It multiplies itself from 1 to 2, then from 2 to 4 and so on. It is the basic culture of any form of life. It can be compared to DNA which contains the genetic code. It is indestructible, reproduces itself and contains the specifications of any generation. So, how did our ancestors explain DNA? The structure of DNA as we know was first described by scientists in 1953. Nobody had imagined this type of structure. It is also difficult to explain the structure of DNA to a common man. Now we can see the 3D structures with movements on TV. Before that, it was imagined as a et of two spiral interwined staircases. Our rishis saw this structure through their meditation and explained it the same way modern science explains DNA. They concluded that it was helical, produced itself, and according to our scriptures, it first originated from Lord Shiva.



The rishis imagined that Prajapati must have created a mound first. You have to make a mound before creating anything, for example, a clay mound for a statue and a store mound for a sculpture. Our rishis had imagined this round mound, the Shivling, was wrapped with a snake, which might model DNA. To describe more complex DNA, a pair of snakes wrapped around each other can be visualized to represent a double helix, as rishis explained. The rishis also said that it was the base structure and entire nature began with it. This was determined by our rishis to be the fundamental and elemental point with which any life form could being.

Modern science corroborates the findings of our scriptures that DNA is like a thread and is so small that it can not be seen with naked eyes it reproduces itself by multiplying itself and cannot be destroyed. An object can be destroyed, but its DNA will exist in one form or another. The properties suggested for DNA by modern science had also been suggested in our scripture. So the Shivling is not just a mere symbol. Our rishis wanted to give a message to the masses that you can see the smallest form of nature in the form of the Shivling. The Shivling represents the atomic structure. When they created the Shivling it was imagined that there was one Hari and one Har in the ling. Har is shiva, and Hari is Vishnu. shiva and Vishnu are present in this Ling. Jalhari has three lines because three signifies “multiple” in Sanskrit. In our atomic structure, there are protons and neutrons which are surrounded by fast spinning electrons.

Our rishis imagined that this ling has Har (neutron) and Hari (proton) inside, and Brahma (electron) spins around them in the form of Jalhari. Brahma is tied with Haari by a thread through his navel and cannot go too far. He is attached with Hari after creating nature and looks after nature. Har (Shiva) is unattached and in meditation in the Himalayas. He becomes destroyer when necessary. Everything is created by protons and electrons and electrons play the major role. A change in the number of electrons changes the dimensions and properties. Brahma is similar in nature. Har is neutral and is sitting in the nucleus with all the energy. Energy is released by breaking the nucleus also known by our modern science as atomic fission. According to our rishis, Shiva has the energy within as long as Shiva is in meditation.

Once we make Shiva angry which can be compared to breaking the nucleus, the energy is released in the form of Durga. This energy is indeed the atomic energy as explained by the modern science. The force of Shiva , which we call Rudrani, is always with him. It is described in the Mahabarat by Maharishi Vashishtha that he saw this Rudrani . He saw a huge black shadow dancing in the sky around Lord Shiva, who blinded his eyes. It was so powerful and huge that he could not see the beginning or end and even after running with his mind till the end of time. There is a colossal energy constantly dancing around Lord Shiva. This dance can be compared with electrons spinning and revolving around the nucleus. If a neutron is separated from its nucleus, a destructive force is released, just like if this surrounding energy is separated from Lord Shiva . If Lord Shiva desires, he can release this energy.

You must have seen that the nuclear reactors resemble a Svivling in the shape like a mound, and all the radioactive particles are constantly kept under water. The hard water and soft water are formed there. This water becomes radioactive. Water is constantly sprinkled on the Shivling to control Shiva’s temper, reflecting a nuclear reactor. In terms of modern science, it is supposed to represent the nuclear reactor. This water from the Shivling is not used as prasad or even as holy water. This could be compared to the water used for cooling the nuclear reactors which is also not used for nay other purposes. This water from Shivling flows freely from the jalhari in a stream from a corner of the Ling. One cannot go around the Shivling as it is beyond a human being to really go around or comprehend this tremendous power. This also shows humans their limitations within which we need to live.

We can see the smallest form of this in a Shivling and also the colossal form in our galaxy. If you look at the pictures of nebulae or galaxies, you will see the mound, which is called the Shivling and the jalahari around it. This is in the reality pictures taken fron space show a clear picture of Shivling as described in our scriptures. shiva is referred to as “bhole” meaning simple and can be pleased by little worship. Once he is happy, he gives boons without thinking of the worshipper’s worthiness. Still one must follow the right path for if you are on a wrong path even by mistake and Shiva is not pleased with you, no one can save you. Shiva is pleased very easily and at the same time, is enormously powerful. One should worship him only after understanding his great power. One who has power can pass it on to others and anyone can receive it. It is critical that you understand the colossal power of Shiva.

Praying to the Shivling helps with two yogas – Atam yoga and Shastra yoga. Atam yoga means innate knowledge of the oneness of Brahma and life. Shastra Yoga means acquired knowledge of Brahma and life. This is the innate knowledge of Gayatri and acquired knowledge of Savitri. Savitri and Gayatri can be worshipped at the same place by worshipping Lord Shiva, because he is a form of Mahakaal and controls these. Gayatri, Atma Yoga, is pure science and Savitri, Shastra Yoga is applied science. If you want to see a combination of both pure science and applied science at one place, you can experience it by worshipping Lord Shiva. You can worship Shiva in two ways: one by acknowledging that he is present in the smallest as well as the biggest forms of life and the other as the creator of the life itself.



This is one of the biggest accomplishments of our culture that modern science and ancient Indian spiritual knowledge are not separate but converge at a point. We can use messages from one to further our knowledge of the other. The need is to expand our thinking spiritual knowledge studies and research in order to expand our understanding.

If CHINA claims for TAWANG & arunachal pradesh, then India should claim for "ManSaroWar" & “Mount kailasha”

If CHINA claims for TAWANG & aurnachal pradesh, then India should claim for "ManSaroWar" & “Mount kailasha” which is now in CHINA.
============================================
Tawang was once a part of Tibet. In 1914, the MacMahon line was drawn by the British and Tawang became a part of India. When the border known as the McMahon Line was drawn in 1914, Tibet gave up several hundred square miles of its territory, including the whole of the Tawang region and the monastery, to the British.
It came under effective Indian administration on February 12, 1951, when Major R Khating led Indian Army troops to relocate Chinese squatters. India assumed sovereignty of the territory and established democratic rule there in to end the oppression of the Monpa.

Elections have taken place regulary and democratic state legislature elected peacefully.

During the Sino-Indian war of 1962, Tawang fell under Chinese control. The valiant last stand of Mahavir Chakra awardee Jaswant Singh Rawat took place in Tawang. After the voluntary withdrawal of Chinese troops, Tawang was once again under Indian administration.

In recent years, China has occasionally voiced its claims on Arunachal Pradesh, especially Tawang, and Chinese troop incursions continue to occur frequently.

India has rebutted these claims by Chinese government and the Indian prime minister has stated categorically that Tawang is an integral part of India. He repeated this to the Chinese prime minister when the two prime ministers met in Thailand in October 2009.

In 1914, the MacMahon line was drawn by the British. On that basis, Tawang became a part of India. Subsequently, China annexed Tibet and implemented an oppressive regime against the Tibetan people. His Holiness the Dalai Lama fled to India via Tawang.
“China staked its claim over Tawang as it had a sizable Tibetan population and was previously a part of Tibet. India has rebutted these claims by the Chinese”

Then from this basis India should claim for "ManSaroWar" & mount “kailasha” which is now in chinies occupied “TIBET”. So many Himalayan parts of ancient India are now in Tibet, so India should claim for that!

"And then why not NEPAL, SRILANKA, THAILAND & THE WHOLE PAKISTAN"
© 2009 "BlueBird-7"

माझे शब्द

कोणाला तरी २ शब्द सांगावे म्हणतो
मनातले गुपित उलगडावे म्हणतो
हे ऐकण्या साठी तू येशील का
माज्याशी २ शब्द बोलशील का?

शब्दांच्या साखलित मी बांधलेला
शब्दांच्या कोडयात मी हरवलेला
शब्दांची साखली तोडन्यास तू येशील का
माझ्याशी २ शब्द बोलशील का?

शब्दांचा वर्षाव मज़वर होत आहे
शब्दांचे तीर मला टोचत आहेत
या शब्दन साठी तू माझी ढाल होशील का
माझ्याशी २ शब्द बोलशील का?

शब्दांच्या चक्रव्युवातला अभिमन्यु मी
चक्रव्युवा मधे प्रवेश तर केला आहे,
बाहेर येण्या साठी हात देशील का?
माझ्याशी २ शब्द बोलशील का?

आयुष्यातील झाडावरचे शब्द वेचत आहे
हे शब्द कागदावर उतरवत आहे
या साठी तू माझी लेखनी होशील का?
माझ्याशी २ शब्द बोलशील का?

आज न उद्या तू येशील
ही एक आस!
शब्दांच्या घावावर तूच औषध,
हा माझा विश्वास!
@BHI©2009

डॉ अनिरुद्ध धैर्यधर जोशी

मी एक बापू भक्त आहे.

आता माझ्या बापू बद्दल..

ज न्म :त्रिपुरारि पौर्णिमा, १८ नोव्हेंबर १९५६
पहाटे ४ वाजून ३५ मिनिटांनी.
माता : सौ. अरुंधती जोशी.
पिता : डाँ. धैर्यधर जोशी.
संगोपन : आजी - सौ. शकुंतला नरेंद्र पंडित.
(माहेरचे नाव - मालती गोपीनाथशास्त्री पाध्ये)
विशेष प्रभाव : माई - सौ. द्वारकाबाई गोपीनाथशास्त्री पाध्ये
(बापूंच्या पणजी)
शालेय शिक्षण : डाँ. शिरोडकर हायस्कूल-परळ-मुंबई
माँटेसरीपासून ते अकरावी एस. एस. सी. पर्यंत
एस. एस. सी. - इ. स. १९७२
वैद्यकीय शिक्षण : नायर हॉस्पिटल - मुंबई
(टोपीवाला राष्ट्रीय वैद्यकीय महाविद्यालय)
एम. बी. बी. एस. - इ. स. १९७८
एम. डी. (मेडिसीन) - इ. स. १९८२

"सत्य, प्रेम व आनंद ह्या तीन मूलाधार गुणांचा मी निःसीम चाहता आहे... "

बापुचे आवडते भजन.. :
॥ हरि ૐ ॥
सदा माझे डोळा जडो तुझी मुर्ती ।
रखुमाईच्या पती सोयरी या ।
गोड तुझे रूप गोड तुझे नाम ।
देई मज प्रेम सर्व काळ ॥१॥

विठु माऊलीये हाची वर देई ।
स॑चरोनी राही ह्रुदयी मझ्या ।
तुका म्हणे काही न मागो आणिक ।
तुझे पायी सुख सर्व आहे ॥२॥

गोड तुझे रुप गोड तुझे नाम.
गोड तुझे रुप गोड तुझे नाम.....

बापूची १३ कलमी योजना:

1. Clothing Project - चरखा योजना

2. Round The Year Water Farming & Plan - बारा मास शेती चारा

3. Used Paper Project - रद्दी योजना

4. Old Is Gold Project - जुनं ते सोने योजना

5. Warmth of Love Project - मायेची ऊब (गोधडी योजना)

6. The Light of Knowledge Project - विद्या प्रकाश योजना

7. Cleanliness Campaign - स्वछता मोहिम

8. The Ahilya Sangh - अहिल्या सेवा संघ (स्त्रियांसाठी)

9. Shreemadpurushaartha - श्रीमदपुरुषार्थ (वाचाल तर वाचाल)

10. General Knowledge Bank

11. The Confluence of Indian Languages - भारतीय भाषा योजना

12. The Institute of Studies of Five Continents - पंच-खंड अभ्यास योजना

13. The Disaster Management Team - आपत्कालिन सेवा योजना

हरी ॐ

ब्रह्म कमल / Saussurea obvallata

ब्रह्म कमल /Saussurea obvallata

In morning of 31st July my mother called me & say, "Abhijeet, Look it that, is it that flower or am in in dream?" When i saw that, i did not beleved on my self, baecause i saw the ब्रह्म कमल, Scientific name "Saussurea obvallata " on that small plant.
Saussurea obvallata, also known as Brahma Kamal, is a species of flowering plant named after "Brahma", the Hindu god of "creation".It is native to the Himalayas, India, Northern Burma and South-West China. In Himalayas, it is found at an altitude of around 4500 m. People should have the patience to sit up late at night to see and appreciate the really beautiful flower.
So on that day night, its mid night, it start to glow from evening and it is at its fully glowing stage in early morning mat 3 to 4 AM. We had already made pooja of that at 00.00 Hrs.


My mother was telling me that it was luck at whoes home that flower glows, hmm, yea, may be i am feeling lucky by feeling presence of the butyfool smell of that flower i was never feel such before.
and continuously seeing the miracle of Nature, "when i was seeing that flower, one thing came in my mind, that the "Creator" (Brahma) it self is born in our home!" I dont know why i felt, i put Lord shiwa and Lord Krishna in one plate, and arranged that flower, looks like umbrella for "lord Shiwa" and "Krishna" . "Because the Flower looks Butyfool on that plant it self." So totally when saw towars them, The Brahma, Wishnu & Mahesh are Seated together, and that was in my home. That is unforgetable moment in my life.

The plant is considered an herb in Tibetan medicine. Its name is Sah-du Goh-ghoo. It has a bitter taste, promotes heat. Used to treat paralysis of the limbs and cerebral ischemia. The entire plant is used. It is endangered because people are cutting it down for their own use, it is found in the region of the Himalayas. This is a beautiful flower.

So next time if that flower "born" in Your home feel free to any query about it, and alos place comment here for that!

PLC

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Next Attraction : Progamming in PLC

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A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines, such as packaging and semiconductor machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.

PROGRAMING OF PLC : MAKE SNIDER

Features:
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Control panel with PLC (grey elements in the center). The unit consists of separate elements, from left to right; power supply, controller, relay units for in- and outputThe main difference from other computers is that PLCs are armored for severe conditions (such as dust, moisture, heat, cold) and have the facility for extensive input/output (I/O) arrangements. These connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. PLCs read limit switches, analog process variables (such as temperature and pressure), and the positions of complex positioning systems. Some use machine vision. On the actuator side, PLCs operate electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, magnetic relays, solenoids, or analog outputs. The input/output arrangements may be built into a simple PLC, or the PLC may have external I/O modules attached to a computer network that plugs into the PLC.

PLC CARDS : IN THE CENTER, SIEMENS S7

System scale:
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A small PLC will have a fixed number of connections built in for inputs and outputs. Typically, expansions are available if the base model has insufficient I/O.

Modular PLCs have a chassis (also called a rack) into which are placed modules with different functions. The processor and selection of I/O modules is customised for the particular application. Several racks can be administered by a single processor, and may have thousands of inputs and outputs. A special high speed serial I/O link is used so that racks can be distributed away from the processor, reducing the wiring costs for large plants.

User interface:
----------------
See also: List of human-computer interaction topics
PLCs may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.

A Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. HMIs are also referred to as MMIs (Man Machine Interface) and GUI (Graphical User Interface).

A simple system may use buttons and lights to interact with the user. Text displays are available as well as graphical touch screens. More complex systems use a programming and monitoring software installed on a computer, with the PLC connected via a communication interface.


Communications:
----------------------
PLCs have built in communications ports usually 9-Pin RS232, and optionally for RS485 and Ethernet. Modbus, BACnet or DF1 is usually included as one of the communications protocols. Others' options include various fieldbuses such as DeviceNet or Profibus. Other communications protocols that may be used are listed in the List of automation protocols.

Most modern PLCs can communicate over a network to some other system, such as a computer running a SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system or web browser.

PLCs used in larger I/O systems may have peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between processors. This allows separate parts of a complex process to have individual control while allowing the subsystems to co-ordinate over the communication link. These communication links are also often used for HMI devices such as keypads or PC-type workstations. Some of today's PLCs can communicate over a wide range of media including RS-485, Coaxial, and even Ethernet.
PLC compared with other control systems
PLCs are well-adapted to a range of automation tasks. These are typically industrial processes in manufacturing where the cost of developing and maintaining the automation system is high relative to the total cost of the automation, and where changes to the system would be expected during its operational life. PLCs contain input and output devices compatible with industrial pilot devices and controls; little electrical design is required, and the design problem centers on expressing the desired sequence of operations in ladder logic (or function chart) notation. PLC applications are typically highly customized systems so the cost of a packaged PLC is low compared to the cost of a specific custom-built controller design. On the other hand, in the case of mass-produced goods, customized control systems are economic due to the lower cost of the components, which can be optimally chosen instead of a "generic" solution, and where the non-recurring engineering charges are spread over thousands or millions of units.

For high volume or very simple fixed automation tasks, different techniques are used. For example, a consumer dishwasher would be controlled by an electromechanical cam timer costing only a few dollars in production quantities.

A microcontroller-based design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies and input/output hardware) can be spread over many sales, and where the end-user would not need to alter the control. Automotive applications are an example; millions of units are built each year, and very few end-users alter the programming of these controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit busses economically use PLCs instead of custom-designed controls, because the volumes are low and the development cost would be uneconomic.

Very complex process control, such as used in the chemical industry, may require algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even high-performance PLCs. Very high-speed or precision controls may also require customized solutions; for example, aircraft flight controls.

Programmable controllers are widely used in motion control, positioning control and torque control. Some manufacturers produce motion control units to be integrated with PLC so that G-code (involving a CNC machine) can be used to instruct machine movements.

PLCs may include logic for single-variable feedback analog control loop, a "proportional, integral, derivative" or "PID controller." A PID loop could be used to control the temperature of a manufacturing process, for example. Historically PLCs were usually configured with only a few analog control loops; where processes required hundreds or thousands of loops, a distributed control system (DCS) would instead be used. As PLCs have become more powerful, the boundary between DCS and PLC applications has become less distinct.

PLCs have similar functionality as Remote Terminal Units. An RTU, however, usually does not support control algorithms or control loops. As hardware rapidly becomes more powerful and cheaper, RTUs, PLCs and DCSs are increasingly beginning to overlap in responsibilities, and many vendors sell RTUs with PLC-like features and vice versa. The industry has standardized on the IEC 61131-3 functional block language for creating programs to run on RTUs and PLCs, although nearly all vendors also offer proprietary alternatives and associated development environments.

Digital and analog signals:
--------------------------------
Digital or discrete signals behave as binary switches, yielding simply an On or Off signal (1 or 0, True or False, respectively). Push buttons, limit switches, and photoelectric sensors are examples of devices providing a discrete signal. Discrete signals are sent using either voltage or current, where a specific range is designated as On and another as Off. For example, a PLC might use 24 V DC I/O, with values above 22 V DC representing On, values below 2VDC representing Off, and intermediate values undefined. Initially, PLCs had only discrete I/O.

Analog signals are like volume controls, with a range of values between zero and full-scale. These are typically interpreted as integer values (counts) by the PLC, with various ranges of accuracy depending on the device and the number of bits available to store the data. As PLCs typically use 16-bit signed binary processors, the integer values are limited between -32,768 and +32,767. Pressure, temperature, flow, and weight are often represented by analog signals. Analog signals can use voltage or current with a magnitude proportional to the value of the process signal. For example, an analog 4-20 mA or 0 - 10 V input would be converted into an integer value of 0 - 32767.

Current inputs are less sensitive to electrical noise (i.e. from welders or electric motor starts) than voltage inputs.


Example:
----------
As an example, say a facility needs to store water in a tank. The water is drawn from the tank by another system, as needed, and our example system must manage the water level in the tank.

Using only digital signals, the PLC has two digital inputs from float switches (Low Level and High Level). When the water level is above the switch it closes a contact and passes a signal to an input. The PLC uses a digital output to open and close the inlet valve into the tank.

When the water level drops enough so that the Low Level float switch is off (down), the PLC will open the valve to let more water in. Once the water level rises enough so that the High Level switch is on (up), the PLC will shut the inlet to stop the water from overflowing. This rung is an example of seal in logic. The output is sealed in until some condition breaks the circuit.


Low Level High Level Fill Valve
------[/]------------[/]----------------------(OUT)---------



Fill Valve
------[ ]------



An analog system might use a water pressure sensor or a load cell, and an adjustable (throttling) dripping out of the tank, the valve adjusts to slowly drip water back into the tank.

In this system, to avoid 'flutter' adjustments that can wear out the valve, many PLCs incorporate "hysteresis" which essentially creates a "deadband" of activity. A technician adjusts this deadband so the valve moves only for a significant change in rate. This will in turn minimize the motion of the valve, and reduce its wear.

A real system might combine both approaches, using float switches and simple valves to prevent spills, and a rate sensor and rate valve to optimize refill rates and prevent water hammer. Backup and maintenance methods can make a real system very complicated.

ROBBED by "SYSTEM".

Hi all, My friend sushant Danekar, the things which happened with him was fear ful not for him only but for all of us.
BECAUSE THE PERSON WHO WORKING IN HIS OFFICE AND AT THE SAME TIME SOME ONE MADE TRANSACTION FROM HIS ACOUNT, EVEN THE CARD IS IN HIS WALLET.
In a strange incident, a man lost Rs 23,000 from his Punjab National Bank (PNB) account while his ATM card was with him.

And the Bank is not responding him, and the POLICE are not taking the FIR! Because he did not have enough things to present in front of cops.
Dear al my friends it may be u r number Next!

PLEASE VISIT THIS POST OF PUNE MIRRIR! & circulate this thing as U can! He Needs U r Help!
http://www.punemirror.in/index.aspx?Page=article§name=News-%20City§id=2&contentid=2009071120090711022022157f48e124

by
Abhijeet Joshi
=========================================
Lost in transaction
Here’s the curious case of money being siphoned off a man’s bank account through the bank’s ATM, although owner has the ATM card! Cops won’t register a case because it’s odd, bank is clueless

By Vishakha Sharma
Posted On Saturday, July 11, 2009 at 02:20:22 AM


In a strange incident, a man lost Rs 23,000 from his Punjab National Bank (PNB) account while his ATM card was with him.

25-year-old Sushant Danekar, a resident of Karve Nagar was unable to file an FIR as the police refused to register his complaint.

“On June 3, Rs 10,000 was withdrawn from my account even though my ATM card was safe with me.

I informed PNB, Deccan Gymkhana branch where the manager Anil D Sawant arranged for the CCTV clippings.

There was a girl who made the transaction, but she was wearing a scarf around her face and it was impossible to identify her.”

“The bank as well as the police could not believe how money could be transacted while the ATM card was with me at the time of the transaction. But it happened and I don’t know how.

While I continuously followed up with the bank, on June 26, Rs 13,000 was withdrawn from my account while the ATM card was with me and I was at work. It is not only confusing for me but very wrong.

My ATM pin is not even shared with anybody. When I went to file the FIR at Prabhat police chowky, PSI Patil heard my case patiently and directed me to File an FIR at the Deccan Gymkhana police station.” added Sushant.

But when Sushant reached Deccan Gymkhana police station, he was made to understand that police wouldn’t be able to help him.

“When I narrated the incident in the police station to four or five police officials, they all said that they coundn’t help me as this case is not proper.

They advised me further to deal with the bank and find the culprit. They also told me that they could help me only if I gave them the names of those I suspected in writing.

They were hinting to my roommate. But I trust him. He is the only one helping me with this case,” said Sushant.

When Pune Mirror spoke to PSI Patil from Prabhat police chowky, he said, “I had directed Sushant to Deccan Gymkhana police station to lodge an FIR.

His case is a little confusing, but we can’t help unless there is an FIR. Its hard to believe that his money has been withdrawn when his ATM card was with him. There has to be someone who knew his PIN or may be a duplicate card was used.”

Anil D Sawant, manager, PNB, Deccan Gymkhana branch said, “The ATM used for the first transaction of Rs 10,000 was our PNB ATM in Deccan (ATM no DD13) for which we provided the CCTV clippings.

For the second transaction, our ATM was not used, therefore, I can’t provide the CCTV clippings.”

“I don’t know who this intelligent hacker is. I don’t even think I’ll get my money back. I have frozen my account for debit but the case remains unsolved.

This is either the bank’s fault or a duplicate ATM fraud. I’m also following up with the Lakshmi Road branch of PNB for the CCTV clippings for the second theft.

They have told me that they might take two or three weeks to provide the clippings. The bottom line is, this is a non-supporting environment for an extra-ordinary case,” said Sushant.


If you have any info or have had such an experience, tell us at editfeedback@indiatimes.com

Automation

========================================
Next Attraction : in Next Few Days Read :
{What is PLC? } PROGRAMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER.
=========================================


Automation is the use of control systems (such as numerical control, programmable logic control, and other industrial control systems), in concert with other applications of information technology (such as computer-aided technologies [CAD, CAM, CAx]), to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention.In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the physical requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Processes and systems can also be automated.

Automation plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities.

Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level pattern recognition, language recognition, and language production ability are well beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches even where automation of industrial tasks is possible.

Specialised hardened computers, referred to as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), are frequently used to synchronize the flow of inputs from (physical) sensors and events with the flow of outputs to actuators and events. This leads to precisely controlled actions that permit a tight control of almost any industrial process.

Human-machine interfaces (HMI) or computer human interfaces (CHI), formerly known as man-machine interfaces, are usually employed to communicate with PLCs and other computers, such as entering and monitoring temperatures or pressures for further automated control or emergency response. Service personnel who monitor and control these interfaces are often referred to as stationary engineers.
Impact :
-----------
Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of highly visible industries beyond manufacturing. Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from agrarian to industrial in the 19th century and from industrial to services in the 20th century.
The widespread impact of industrial automation raises social issues, among them its impact on employment. Historical concerns about the effects of automation date back to the beginning of the industrial revolution, when a social movement of English textile machine operators in the early 1800s known as the Luddites protested against Jacquard's automated weaving looms— often by destroying such textile machines— that they felt threatened their jobs. One author made the following case. When automation was first introduced, it caused widespread fear. It was thought that the displacement of human operators by computerized systems would lead to severe unemployment.

Critics of automation contend that increased industrial automation causes increased unemployment; this was a pressing concern during the 1980s. One argument claims that this has happened invisibly in recent years, as the fact that many manufacturing jobs left the United States during the early 1990s was offset by a one-time massive increase in IT jobs at the same time. Some authors argue that the opposite has often been true, and that automation has led to higher employment. Under this point of view, the freeing up of the labour force has allowed more people to enter higher skilled managerial as well as specialised consultant/contractor jobs (like cryptographers), which are typically higher paying. One odd side effect of this shift is that "unskilled labour" is in higher demand in many first-world nations, because fewer people are available to fill such jobs.

At first glance, automation might appear to devalue labor through its replacement with less-expensive machines; however, the overall effect of this on the workforce as a whole remains unclear. Today automation of the workforce is quite advanced, and continues to advance increasingly more rapidly throughout the world and is encroaching on ever more skilled jobs, yet during the same period the general well-being and quality of life of most people in the world (where political factors have not muddied the picture) have improved dramatically. What role automation has played in these changes has not been well studied.

Current emphasis:-
--------------------------
Currently, for manufacturing companies, the purpose of automation has shifted from increasing productivity and reducing costs, to broader issues, such as increasing quality and flexibility in the manufacturing process.

The old focus on using automation simply to increase productivity and reduce costs was seen to be short-sighted, because it is also necessary to provide a skilled workforce who can make repairs and manage the machinery. Moreover, the initial costs of automation were high and often could not be recovered by the time entirely new manufacturing processes replaced the old. (Japan's "robot junkyards" were once world famous in the manufacturing industry.)

Automation is now often applied primarily to increase quality in the manufacturing process, where automation can increase quality substantially. For example, automobile and truck pistons used to be installed into engines manually. This is rapidly being transitioned to automated machine installation, because the error rate for manual installment was around 1-1.5%, but has been reduced to 0.00001% with automation. Hazardous operations, such as oil refining, the manufacturing of industrial chemicals, and all forms of metal working, were always early contenders for automation.

Another major shift in automation is the increased emphasis on flexibility and convertibility in the manufacturing process. Manufacturers are increasingly demanding the ability to easily switch from manufacturing Product A to manufacturing Product B without having to completely rebuild the production lines. Flexibility and distributed processes have led to the introduction of Automated Guided Vehicles with Natural Features Navigation.


Advantages and disadvantages:
------------------------------------------
The main advantage of automation are:

>Replacing human operators in tedious tasks.
>Replacing humans in tasks that should be done in dangerous environments (i.e. >Fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities, under the water, etc)
>Making task that are beyond the human capabilities such as handle too heavy loads, too large objects, too hot or too cold sustances or the requirement to make things too fast or too slow.
>Economy improvement. Sometimes and some kinds of automation implies improves in economy of enterprices, society or most of the humankind. For example, when an enterprice that have invested in automation technology recover its investment; when a state or country increase its incomes due to automation like Germany or Japan in the XX Century or when the humankind can use the internet which in turn use satellites and other automated engines.

The main disadvantages of automation are:
>Technology limits. Nowadays technology is not able to automatizate all the desired tasks.
>Initial costs are relative high. The automation of a new product required a huge initial investment in comparison with the unit cost of the product, although the cost of automation is spread in many product batches. The automation of a Plant required a great initial investment too, although this cost is spread in the products to be produced.

Controversial factors:-
-----------------------------------
Unemployment. It is commonly thought that automation implies unemployment due to the fact that the work of a human being is replaced in part or completely by a machine. Nevertheless, the unemployment is caused by the economical politics of the administration like dismissing the workers instead of changing their tasks. Since the general economical policies of most of the industrial plants are to dismiss people, nowadays automation implies unemployment. In different scenarios without workers, automation implies more free time instead of unemployment like the case with the automatic washing machine at home. Automation does not imply unemployment when it makes tasks unimaginable without automation such as exploring mars with the Sojourner or when the economy is fully adapted to an automated technology as with the Telephone switchboard.
Environment. The costs of automation to the environment are different depending on the technology, product or engine automated. There are automated engines that consume more energy resources from the Earth in comparison with previous engines and those that do the opposite too.
Human being replacement. In the future there is a possibility that the Artificial intelligence could replace and improve a human brain and the robots would become not only fully automated but fully autonomous from the human beings (Technological singularity)

Automation tools:
-----------------------------
Different types of automation tools exist:

ANN - Artificial neural network
DCS - Distributed Control System
HMI - Human Machine Interface
SCADA - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
PLC - Programmable Logic Controller
PAC - Programmable Automation Controller
Instrumentation - Instrumentation
Motion Control - Motion Control
Robotics - Robotics

Automated manufacturing:
---------------------------------------
Automated manufacturing refers to the application of automation to produce things in the factory way. Most of the advantages of the automation technology has its influence in the manufacture processes.

The main advantage of the automated manufacturing are: more quality, reduce the lead times, simplification of production, reduce handling, improve work flow and increase the moral of workers when a good implementation of the automation is made.

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

"Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that deals with measurement and
control."
An instrument is a device that measures or manipulates variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances which can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers. Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation..

Control instrumentation includes devices such as solenoids, Valves, breakers, relays, etc. These devices are able to change a field parameter, and provide remote and/or automated control capabilities.

Transmitters are devices which produce an analog signal, usually in the form of a 4-20 mA electrical current signal, although many other options are possible using voltage, frequency, or pressure. This signal can be used to directly control other instruments, or sent to a PLC, DCS, SCADA system or other type of computerized controller, where it can be interpreted into readable values, or used to control other devices and processes in the system.

Instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field and changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops.

Measurement:
------------------------------
Instrumentation can be used to measure certain field parameters (physical values):

These measured values include:
pressure, either differential or static
flow
temperature - Temperature_measurement
level - Level Measurement
density
viscosity
radiation
current
voltage
inductance
capacitance
frequency
resistivity
conductivity
chemical composition
chemical properties
various physical properties

Control :
---------------------
Control valve.In addition to measuring field parameters, instrumentation is also responsible for providing the ability to modify some field parameters.

Some examples include:

Device <=====>Field Parameter(s)
1)Valve ======Flow, Pressure
2)Relay ======Voltage, Current
3)Solenoid ====Physical Location, Level
4)Circuit breaker ==Voltage, Current

Instrumentation engineering :

---------------------------------------------

Instrumentation engineering is the engineering specialization focused on the principle and operation of measuring instruments which are used in design and configuration of automated systems in electrical, pneumatic domains etc. They typically work for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimization and stability. To control the parameters in a process or in a particular system Microprocessors , Micro controllers ,PLC's etc are used. But their ultimate aim is to control the parameters of a system.


Instrumentation technologists and mechanics :-
Instrumentation technologists, technicians and mechanics specialize in troubleshooting and repairing instruments and instrumentation systems. This trade is so intertwined with electricians, pipefitters, power engineers, and engineering companies, that one can find him/herself in extremely diverse working situations. An over-arching term, "Instrument Fitter" is often used to describe people in this field, regardless of any specialization. oo nga.

Four Steps!

Four steps,
we'll go together
Will see,
The Voice come together?

If Possible,
then only come!
I'll never Force;
to come Together!

coz its better to Express Feelings
than suppres the things in mind!

Who likes whom
cant say
to ask, and then give the heart;
its not the way

The things happened are so bad
but things happening are so glad
to say the truth is crime
now that get in my mind!

Forget the things
which happened
Dont turn back
and see me again

Hey,"Please Forget me",
I will never say this!
But Stil U try,
To forget me and that!

STOP!
From here i need to go alone
But thanks u came, up to here!
Not in the whole life,
but "Four stepS You was Mine"!

BlueBird-7!
*- translated

मी एक शब्द!

मी माझा शब्द
शब्द माझा मित्र
मित्र हा एक शब्द
शब्द माझे प्रेम
आणि प्रेम, हां पण एक शब्द !

सूचित हा शब्द
नंदाई हा एक शब्द

अनिरुद्ध हा पण शब्द
पण,या सर्वां साठी "आई" हा शब्द

मधुफलवाटिका हा एक शब्द
प्रत्यक्ष हा सुद्धा शब्द
गुरुक्षेत्रम हा एक शब्द
पण, हे सर्व अनिरुद्ध-शब्द

नभांगनातला ध्रुव हा एक शब्द
कवि च्या कविते मधला मी एक शब्द
तुम्ही संबोधलेल्या वाकया मधला मी एक शब्द
आई च्या हाकेमधला मीच तो शब्द

शब्दांच्या गर्दित मी गुंतलेला
शब्दांच्या माळेत  मी गुम्फ्लेला
शब्दांच्या सुरांचा मी एक शब्द
विराट शब्दांच्या जगातला मी एक शब्द
हो मीच तो शब्द, मी "अभिजीत"!

शब्दांसाठी शब्द शोधतोय
शब्द शोधूनही सापडत नाही,
शब्द सहजपणे मनात कोरान्याचा प्रयत्न करतोय,
आता शब्द सुचत आहेत पण सूर नाही.

शब्द सूरान्ना ऐकवण्याचा प्रयत्न करतोय,
पण सूर आहे की ऐकतच नाही.
शब्दांच्या फुलांनी सूरांवर साज चढवतोय
पण सूर आणि शब्द काही जुळत नाहित.

----------ब्लू बर्ड-७ ----------

पहिलीच भेट!

हो तू मला भेटलीस एके दिवशी
माझ्याशी भांडन केलेस पहिल्याच दिवशी
माला म्हणालीस शिस्तीत त्या दिवशी!
"मी अशीच असते प्रत्तेक दिवशी"!

एवढी confuse का ग दर दिवशी ?
काहीतरी वेग्लेच बोलतेस दर दिवशी!
मला स्क्रैप करू नकोस दर दिवशी,
पण माझी प्रोफाइल बघशील न दर दिवशी ?

आणखी काय लिहू ग प्रत्तेक दिवशी ?
माझा हात दुखतो ग दर दिवशी!
स्क्रैप करायला चुकलो मी एके दिवशी,
पण तरी ही माझी प्रोफाइल बघशील न दर दिवशी ?

तुझ्या साठीच तर लिहतोय मी दर दिवशी,
पण हेलो, आज काय? एकादशी का द्वादशी?
बर असो! मी काय म्हणतोय, आज च्या दिवशी?
"पावसाच्या सरी कधी मोजू नकोस
दव बिन्दुन्ना तुच्छा लेखु नकोस
संध्या समायी कधी निराश होवू नकोस
कारण येणारी पाहाट ही तुझीच असेल ग "--------" !

तू हसतेस स्वीट प्रत्तेक दिवशी (हसतेस ना? )
म्हणुन तुला गरज तर नाही म्हणायची दर दिवशी
की हस दे ---------- !


----------ब्लू बर्ड-७ ----------

ये चाँदनी !

ही मुक्त हवा
सांगते मला
मज तू हवा
हवा हवा

ही रात्र पोर्णिमेची
सुनावते मला
तू का असा
का असा

चंद्रमा म्हणतो मला
ही चाँदनी माझी
वाट बघते तुझी
आकाशात घे भरारी
माझ्या प्रकाशा वरुनि

पण mi सांगतोय चांदो मामा
ही चाँदनी आशा ठिकाणी
जी अंधुक झाली
तुझा प्रकाशानी
तिला sath हवी अंधाराची
आणि तुझा विना आमची कहानी अधूरी

ये चाँदनी आशा मधुर समयी
आशा निवांत वेली
पाना फुलांच्या नदीच्या साथीनेwichar
wichartoy mi
तू होशील का माझी
होशील का माझी



----------ब्लू बर्ड-७ --------------